The sensor measures the amount of vacuum between the carbs and the engine and feeds it back to the TCI, this will then advance the ignition timing as the vacuum increases
The other pic is of the coolant crossover pipe, the coolant is fed into the bottom of the cylinder jacket and flows up - one cylinder must cross over to get to the outflow pipe on the other side
And when you try to remove them, they often disintegrate, they are not metal. When you get a valve job, they should install new ones for the best service life. If they come-out intact, you may choose to re-use them, but I think it's better to replace them and not have to worry about it.
Coolant crossover as has been already mentioned. You must use a "duck bill" plier to even have a remote chance of getting them out without ripping the tab off.
On a side note, you're not too far away from needing new valve cover gaskets.
Since you have an Ignitech TCI, the item in the 1st picture, vacuum sensor is not used. This is replaced by the MAP sensor in kit. There is a 3 wire harness running to vacuum sensor. This connector can be left in place or taped off if you want to remove vacuum sensor.