Going back to the 1970's Harley-Davidson worked on new engines, and they famously hired Porsche Engineering to help them to deliver a package capable of modular construction, named Nova, so it could be configured with different numbers of cylinders. This included two, four and six cylinder engines. Over the years they experimented with both air and liquid-cooled designs. In 1973 (when their stock sale didn't raise enough cash to allow continued development of planning for new engines and bikes), they were purchased by AMF (American Machine and Foundry) which allowed them to sell more bikes than they had ever-sold in their history. AMF even licensed a line of snowmobiles by Harley-Davidson! AMF manufactured many leisure sports products, from electric golf carts, to diving gear, sailboats, and bowling machinery.
Their model choices included one that wouldn't make it to the sales floor these days.
Yes the CSA Edition.
Under AMF ownership, unfortunately, quality control suffered, and a H-D management team decided to buy-back the company. The company came close to shutting-down in the early 1980's. Vaughn Beals was the principal management member who pushed for the buy-back effort. The Davidson family members were also involved. It was perilous for the continuation of motorcycle-making operations, and at one point, they were less-than a month from closing their doors. The sale by AMF finally happened, and Harley-Davidson had some hard choices to make. One was, "do we release a new design of engines, from an outside-the-business consulting engineering firm, such-as Porsche Engineering's Nove Project water-cooled engine and risk alienating our die-hard customers, or do we instead release an air-cooled but new design, by our own Engineering Dept., allowing a continuation of the progression of models which have served us since before WW II?" (Knucklehead, Panhead, Shovelhead) It would have been interesting to see what would have happened to H-D if they had the $$$$ to release both the Porsche Engineering/outside contracted engines and the in-house engineered engine. They had a hard choice to make. They decided to shelve (literally, see the pics) the work of the outside contractor, and they went into production with what became known as the Evolution. It's all they had the capital for. If the design had failed in the marketplace, they probably would have gone into bankruptcy. Fortunately, the design was a resounding success, and after 1984, their sales took-off. They dominated the heavyweight section of the domestic motorcycle market.
Before the sale by AMF, H-D petitioned the federal government for import protection from foreign motorcycle manufacturers. Honda and Yamaha had been involved in a tremendous fight to see who would be #1 in motorcycle sales in the USA and worldwide, releasing dozens of new models, and a 45% tariff was imposed on 700cc and larger bikes. This took place in 1983 under President Reagan, and while it helped H-D, the plans for the management group's buyout from AMF continued. The tariff benefitted H-D, and they eventually called for an early end to the tariff, as the tariff was designed to be reduced over time, and eventually, 'sun-setted.' (ended) By the time this happened, the Evolution motor was released, the buyout from AMF had happened, and H-D was on its way to setting new sales records, where dealerships had waiting lists of eager customers.
U.S. RAISES TARIFF FOR MOTORCYCLES - The New York Times (nytimes.com)
Take a close-look at these pictures from the H-D Museum in Milwaukee WI. (photos by the author) You can see the different families of designs considered, and the modular scope which allowed for two, four, and even six cylinders.
![H-D Museum-engines.01.jpg H-D Museum-engines.01.jpg](https://cdn.imagearchive.com/vmaxforum/data/attachments/75/75666-269bda6c2b8f9f5b3503b1eed917b65c.jpg)
![H-D Museum-engines.02.jpg H-D Museum-engines.02.jpg](https://cdn.imagearchive.com/vmaxforum/data/attachments/75/75667-2de383bd678b21554f8e33911ca3e297.jpg)
![H-D Museum-engines.03.jpg H-D Museum-engines.03.jpg](https://cdn.imagearchive.com/vmaxforum/data/attachments/75/75668-c63ec9dd6bba50d3983c3f03b18036ef.jpg)
![H-D Museum-engines.04.JPG H-D Museum-engines.04.JPG](https://cdn.imagearchive.com/vmaxforum/data/attachments/75/75669-9c6e389597583c5e6b7dd651916d6f9d.jpg)